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Regular Article |
Received October 21, 1999; revised June 23, 2000; accepted July 10, 2000. From the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Address correspondence to Dr. Brent, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
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Abstract |
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Key Words: Depression • Adolescents • Psychotherapy, Cognitive and Behavioral • Perceptions of Treatment Credibility
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Introduction |
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Treatment credibility is regarded as a well-defined, relatively comprehensive, and operational construct,3,7 and it is significantly associated with a related construct, patients' satisfaction with treatment.6 Whereas some studies have found the treatment analogue scale score to be stable over the entire course of treatment,6 others have found it to change during treatment.5,8 particularly as a function of the patient's progress.7 The treatment credibility analogue has also been found to be positively correlated with various parameters related to the treatment process, such as degree of patients' engagement, perceived expertise of the therapist, relationship with the therapist, and number of sessions attended.4,6,9
Recently there has been a growing interest in the perspectives of parents of psychiatric patients on the treatment of their children.2 Satisfaction and collaboration with treatment providers by parents of emotionally disturbed adults10,11 and children12–14 have been associated primarily with three parameters: the degree of family involvement with the patient's treatment; the application of the treatment not only to the patient but also to the family; and the attitude of the therapist to the family.
We previously showed that adolescents diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) respond better to individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), compared with systemic behavioral family therapy (SBFT) and nondirective supportive therapy (NST).15 In that study, we also evaluated the treatment credibility of patients and parents at baseline and at the end of treatment. Although the adolescents' perceptions did not change following treatment, we found a significant overall group-by-time interaction in the way the parent- rated credibility of their child's treatment changed over time. Specifically, the degree of credibility the parents assigned to treatment deteriorated over time among those parents whose children were treated with either SBFT or NST, compared with CBT, for which credibility tended to remain stable.15
The differential outcomes and credibilities in the CBT, SBFT, and NST groups afford us the opportunity to identify factors that may predict the differences in parent-rated credibility change among the three treatment cells. Drawing on studies of treatment credibility and of patients' and parents' satisfaction with treatment, we hypothesized the following variables to have the potential to predict this difference: 1) perceived treatment outcome1,16 in terms of decreased symptomatology and distress;17 2) clinical characteristics of patients—particularly the severity of the mental disorder17 parameters related to the families,18 including parental psychopathology17 and perceptions of family cohesion;19 and 3) therapist-related variables,20 namely, age, gender, and years of clinical experience of the therapist.4,9 This evaluation was the focus of the present study.
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METHODS |
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Subjects were recruited from the Child and Adolescent Mood and Anxiety Disorder Clinic at the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA, from October 1991 through May 1995. Of 122 eligible subjects, 107 agreed to participate in the study. Incentive for treatment included free treatment and participant payment for the completion of evaluations. This study was reviewed and approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board, and subjects and their parents signed an informed consent document. The caretaking parents or guardians of 104 out of 107 subjects (97.2%) were evaluated.
Treatment Procedure
As per our previous reports, subjects were randomly assigned to either CBT, family therapy, or supportive treatment.15 Treatment consisted of 12 to 16 sessions delivered in 12 to 16 weeks in each of the three cells. All therapists had master's degrees and a median of 10 years of clinical experience. There were no differences across treatment with respect to clinician's age, gender, or years of experience.15 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) was derived from Beck's CBT.23 It emphasized collaborative empiricism, the importance of socializing the patient to the CBT model, and the monitoring and modification of automatic thoughts, basic assumptions, and core beliefs.15 Systemic Behavioral Family Therapy (SBFT) combined Functional Family Therapy24 and the problem-solving model of Robin and Foster.25 It focused on adequate communication and problem-solving skills, and the identification and alteration of dysfunctional interaction patterns among family members. Nondirective Supportive Therapy (NST), designed to control for the nonspecific aspects of treatment, consisted of the provision of support, affect clarification, and active listening.15 Up to 4 hours of auxiliary sessions were allocated to meet with the family (CBT or NST) or with the child individually (SBFT). Depressed parents who were not already in treatment were offered pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy at no cost, although only a small proportion availed themselves this treatment. Expert ratings of videotaped sessions demonstrated that the treatments in all three cells were delivered with fidelity and were distinct from each other.15
A total of 7 subjects were removed from treatment because of continued MDD, a BDI score of 13 or greater, a suicide attempt, or failing to make symptomatic improvement. Of these 7 subjects, 1 received CBT, 3 received SBFT, and 3 received NST. Attrition was evenly distributed among the groups (P=0.51).15
There were no significant differences among the three treatment groups at intake on the demographic and clinical variables, with the exception that the subjects treated with NST tended to be more functionally impaired.15 However, we decided not to control for functional impairment in the present analyses because in the overall analysis, the three treatment groups differed at only a trend level (P=0.06). There were also no significant differences across cells with respect to treatment fidelity or protocol deviations—dropout, removal for ineligibility, or removal for clinical reasons. The only difference in treatment procedure was that significantly less time was devoted to auxiliary sessions in SBFT than in the other two groups, consistent with the family focus of this treatment model.15
Treatment Credibility Measure
Treatment credibility was measured with the treatment credibility analogue developed by Borkovec and Nau,3 which includes the following five items: 1) How logical does this type of treatment seem to you? 2) How confident would you be that this treatment would be successful in eliminating your child's problem? 3) How confident would you be in recommending this treatment to a friend who has a child with a similar problem? 4) How willing are you to let your child undergo this treatment because of his/her problem? and 5) How successful do you feel this type of treatment would be for a problem which is similar to although not exactly like your child's current problem? Each item is evaluated on a five-point Likert-type scale.
The discriminant validity of the treatment credibility analogue has been established insofar as it discriminates treatment from those receiving no-treatment/ placebo control.3,5,7 Previous studies have shown treatment credibility to include only one factor.3,4,26 Confirmatory factor analysis with all items and an examination of scree plots in the present study also indicated the presence of only one factor with high internal consistency (
=0.88 and 0.92 at baseline and the end of treatment, respectively). At intake, one factor explained 63% of the variance, and at the end of treatment a single factor explained 65% of the variance. At both time points, the addition of a second factor increased the variance explained by only 12%, indicating further that one factor was adequate for both periods.
Assessment Variables at Baseline
The following variables were assessed as to their influence to predict the change in parent-rated treatment credibility from baseline to the end of treatment (Table 1).
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Family Environmental Variables: The caretaking parent reported on the following self-rated family environmental scales: 1) the Conflict Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ),25 assessing conflicts and negative communication; 2) the Area of Change Questionnaire (ACQ),27 which evaluates desired change in parent-child relationships across specified problem areas; and 3) the Family Assessment Device (FAD),28 which assesses several domains of family climate, including a score of general family functioning. In the present study we used only the General Functioning domain of the FAD (FAD-GF). All questionnaires have been shown to possess good psychometric properties and have been described in detail previously.15
Clinician Variables: The variables examined were gender, age, and years of clinical experience.
Treatment-Related Variables: The following variables were examined as potential predictors of the change in parent-rated treatment credibility: 1) change in self-reported BDI score from baseline to the end of treatment and 2) change in parent-reported CBQ, ACQ, and FAD-GF scores from baseline to the end of treatment.
Assessment Schedule
The scales were assessed at baseline and at the end of treatment (12th to 16th week), and an attempt was made to interview even those subjects who did not finish treatment. According to previous recommendations,4,7 the baseline treatment credibility analogue was rated after the parents were presented with the rationale of the specific treatment to which their children were assigned, but before treatment actually started. In all, 99 patients (92.5%) and 97 of their parents (90.6%) received a final interview. There were no differences among the treatment cells as to proportions with missing data. Ninety-six parents at baseline (89.9%) and 89 at the end of treatment (83.1%) completed the treatment credibility instrument. There were no differences across treatment cells with respect to proportion of parents completing this instrument.
Data Analysis
A stepwise multiple linear regression model was used to identify predictors of the change in parent-rated treatment credibility from pre- to post-treatment. Predictor variables included treatment, baseline, and change scores of patient self-reported BDI and of parent-reported CBQ, ACQ, and FAD-GF; baseline maternal BDI; and therapist-related variables (gender, age, years of clinical experience). The treatment variable was dummy-coded to reflect the three treatment cells, with NST as the reference group. Because we were particularly interested in identifying predictors of the change in treatment credibility above and beyond the effects of treatment, the treatment variable was forced to enter the equation on the first step. The remaining predictor variables were then allowed to enter the equation on subsequent steps.
Alpha was set at 0.05 (two-tailed). We did not use a Bonferroni correction procedure because each of the predictor variables used in this analysis was hypothesized to predict the change in parent-rated treatment credibility.
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RESULTS |
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DISCUSSION |
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In findings convergent with other studies of CBT in adolescent depression,29,30 our group has also shown that high levels of depressive symptoms at intake predict poor symptomatic outcome.31 We have furthermore found that the severity of the index depressive episode was a predictor of additional treatment beyond that provided in the clinical trial, both in the acute phase and in the 24-month follow-up period.32 It is unexpected, then, that a greater severity of the child's depression at intake actually predicted a more favorable change in treatment credibility for parents whose children were treated with CBT. Furthermore, patients who are more symptomatic and show greater distress at intake have a more negative perception of their treatment at endpoint.17 We suggest that parents of severely depressed children are likely to regard any improvement as favorable in a treatment setting that focuses on symptomatic improvement, whereas parents of children with mild or moderate depression may seek a more robust treatment effect.
We also found that the severity of the child's depression predicted a more favorable change in the credibility for parents whose children were treated with NST, although this treatment was associated with only a mild improvement of the child's depression. Again, the support of an empathic, concerned, and skilled professional contact in the case of NST may have appealed to parents of more depressed children in the auxiliary sessions provided for family members, even if the treatment did not prove to be highly effective.12,13
In this respect, the lack of influence of severity of depression on the change in parent-rated treatment credibility in the SBFT group may reflect the family- oriented rather than depression-oriented focus of this treatment and the less time devoted to auxiliary sessions with the parents.15 As with NST, family therapy was not found to be as beneficial for depressed children as CBT in our study15 and in other studies.33 However, family therapy may be less appealing to parents of severely depressed children than supportive therapy because in family therapy the focus is primarily on long-standing conflictual areas in the family, and thus parents may particularly feel blamed by the clinician for their children's problems.13
It is not clear why the differential change in depression over time did not predict the difference in the change in parent-rated credibility across the three treatment cells—this, when bearing in mind that parents' perceptions of treatment deteriorated if the children were treated with the two less efficacious interventions (SBFT and NST), compared with CBT. One explanation for this negative finding can be related to the nature of the credibility measure administered. The treatment credibility analogue, being a unidimensional construct, offers only a low range of response choices and assesses only general parental credibility.1 Different specific dimensions of credibility could be differentially associated with the impact of treatment across the three treatment cells.1 Furthermore, although the treatment credibility analogue has been previously used in some clinical populations,6 it has been primarily applied to assess credibility of active treatments versus no-treatment/placebo conditions in nonclinical volunteers.3,5,7 To the best of our knowledge, our study represents the first attempt to evaluate the applicability of this scale in the study of parents of emotionally disturbed adolescents receiving psychotherapy.
It is also noteworthy that family-related and therapist-related variables did not predict the difference in the change of parent-rated credibility from baseline to the end of treatment. We relate these negative findings to the almost ideal conditions in which this study was undertaken. Our families were highly cooperative, this being demonstrated by the very low dropout rate (8 of 107) of children from treatment.15 None of the family functioning variables in our study were found to predict efficacy after 12 to 16 weeks of treatment,31 although family problems at intake did predict the need for additional treatment and recurrence of depression in the 24-month follow-up period.32,34 Perhaps had there been greater family-related problems, these problems would have had more effect on predicting change in parent- rated treatment credibility.2
Furthermore, in the present research-oriented design, therapists across all treatment cells were similarly highly trained, motivated, and supervised; maintenance of treatment integrity was highly structured; and parents received psychoeducation and auxiliary treatment as required.15 The influence of these almost ideal conditions on maximizing credibility4 is reflected in the similarly high baseline parent-rated treatment credibility scores across all treatment cells (mean score of 4.3 to 4.5, where the value of 5 signifies the highest score).15 This finding is also in keeping with the overall high satisfaction levels in studies assessing global patient satisfaction.35 It is possible that the restricted variability of baseline treatment credibility and the ideal treatment setting could have minimized any potential effects of treatment-outcome, family, and therapist-related variables on credibility.4
The main limitation of the study derives from the use of a unidimensional scale to evaluate credibility. Other limitations include the selective nature of the patient and parent samples and of the treatment conditions. The main advantage of the study is its potential to compare parent-rated credibility of two psychotherapies aimed specifically at the treatment of depression15 against a treatment model standardizing the nonspecific aspects of psychotherapy, rather than against a no-treatment control condition.7
We have previously shown that the change from baseline to post-treatment in the parent-rated credibility of the treatment of their depressed offspring was different for family and supportive therapies as compared with cognitive-behavioral treatment. The present study found that baseline self-rated patient depression has the potential to predict this difference. It is recommended that future research include more specific and multidimensional measurements of treatment credibility, evaluated in treatment settings that resemble the more typical community service setting.
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Acknowledgments |
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  F. N. Busch, B. L. Milrod, and L. S. Sandberg A Study Demonstrating Efficacy of a Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy for Panic Disorder: Implications for Psychoanalytic Research, Theory, and Practice J Am Psychoanal Assoc, February 1, 2009; 57(1): 131 - 148. [Abstract] [PDF]
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